五 结论和讨论

(一)结论

我们通过新的指标测量了开放式创新度,并通过二手数据实证分析了内外向开放式创新策略对企业绩效的影响。尽管学者们对开放式创新带来的影响存在争议,但这不是一个“非黑即白,非此即彼”的问题,前人的不同结论正是从不同视角和静态研究得出来的,而本文借助一个时间维度,探究了开放式创新策略对绩效影响的“滞后性”和“非线性”,为我们理解这些分歧提供了一个有价值的思路。

本文研究了开放式创新对企业绩效产生影响的多种具体情形,从而回答了前人研究结论存在分歧的原因。随着时间变化和开放式创新度变化,不同学者在研究中得出不同结果,如图7所示,我们用内外向和长短期划分四个象限来描述本文结论。

图7 开放式创新对企业绩效的影响

结论表明,首先,内向开放式创新长期来看与企业绩效呈倒U形曲线关系,这与Laursen和Salter、Lin、Greco等的结论大致相符[4][6][7]。这说明企业应当维持合理的内向开放式创新水平,才能实现长期绩效的最大化。过去学者认为内向开放式创新一方面促进知识和技术交流[29],降低创新风险[31],缩短进入市场的时间和提高创新能力[28];另一方面也会增加与合作者的关系维护成本[6][35],导致企业管理关注点分散[9],同时我们也认为过度依赖外部资源会导致企业人才储备和经验积累不足,从而对企业绩效产生不利影响。其次,企业外向开放式创新短期内对绩效有一定程度的负向作用,但长期来看,外向开放式创新的水平越高越好。现有文献对这一课题的研究较少,Lichtenthaler认为外向开放式创新能提高企业的绩效[12],但我们发现这一结论短期内不能成立,只有一定时间后这种效果才显示出来,并随着外向开放度提高,效果越来越明显。我们认为出售专利和知识产权是企业创新实现商业化的重要手段,这种外向流出创新资源的方式,短期内需要付出时间和财务成本以寻找合作伙伴,长期内会获得良好的回报,尤其是专利授权,企业将获得边际成本几乎为零的高额回报。

同时我们也发现有些开放式创新策略对绩效影响不显著,如模型5中InR2OuR3,可能原因是InR2OuR3对企业绩效的“滞后性”效果还需要等一年才能显现出来。

本文创新点主要有三点。其一,我们适当改进了Michelino等的开放式创新财务指标评价方法[10],并将其运用于实证研究。其二,引入时间维度,考虑创新绩效的“滞后性”,为厘清学者们关于开放式创新对绩效影响的分歧提供一种思路和有意义的补充。其三,我们将内向开放式创新和外向开放式创新纳入同一研究系统,避免有所偏重的现象,对开放式创新全局的把握更加全面。本文为丰富开放式创新理论研究做出一定贡献,同时这种衡量创新开放度的方法有利于企业管理者在实践中通过监督数据进行创新管理,以实现开放与封闭的平衡,具有重要的管理实践意义。通过本文的结论,企业家还能根据企业目标对开放度进行调控,如注重长期绩效,就加大外向开放式创新投入和保持一个合理的内向开放式创新水平;而注重短期绩效,就减少开放式创新投入。

(二)局限和研究展望

我们意识到本文研究方法和研究结论还存在一定的局限性,这也是未来研究的方向所在。首先,从开放式创新的定义上来讲,企业创新的外部来源还有很多,如用户[48]、顾客、股东等,渠道还有互联网平台,而这些资源的流入难以用金钱衡量,所以严格来讲完全用财务指标代表开放式创新度并非精确。其次,在实际数据收集过程中,内向开放式创新的合作研发数据比较不完整,也会一定程度上降低衡量指标的准确性。事实上,我们通过研究大量年报,发现整体上年报数据披露越来越具体,我们期望未来公司年报能针对研发支出、合作研发、外包等项目进行更加全面的公示,以便管理者和股东能对企业创新管理有更翔实的了解,也促进学术界对创新管理方面进行研究。

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附表 2015年A股上市生物制药企业创新开放度排序

附表 2015年A股上市生物制药企业创新开放度排序-续表1

附表 2015年A股上市生物制药企业创新开放度排序-续表2

附表 2015年A股上市生物制药企业创新开放度排序-续表3


[1] 国家自然科学基金面上项目“领导行为作用下技术二元创新与商业模式匹配机理研究”(项目编号:71472172);教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“开放式创新环境下多主体协同创新管理机制研究”(项目编号:14YJA630035)。

[2] 刘志迎,博士,中国科学技术大学管理学院教授、博士生导师,安徽人文社会科学重点研究基地工商管理创新研究中心主任,研究方向为创新管理、创新与互联网(众创、众筹、众包)、产业经济;周章庆,中国科学技术大学硕士研究生,研究方向为创新管理、创新与互联网。