四、练习答案

Text I

Text Comprehension

I. Decide which of the following best states the author’s purpose of writing.

C.

II. Judge, according to the text, whether the following statements are true or false.

1．T. Refer to Paragraph 1.

2．T. Refer to the last sentence of Paragraph 4.

3．F. Refer to Paragraph 5. Personal space is one’s individual territory in public; it makes little sense to talk about one’s personal space in private, and therefore it is pointless to discuss the invasion of personal space in private. It follows then that when we speak of the invasion of personal space, we always mean the invasion of personal space in public. In this sense, it is wrong to say that the invasion of personal space is inevitable.

4．T. Refer to Paragraph 6.

5．F. Refer to Paragraph 8. Personal space is psychological. This means when people are absorbed in their inner world, they will pay little attention to the outside world, including their personal space. By this the author intends to explain why people care less about their personal space than ever and why their personal space is shrinking. Undoubtedly, when the invasion of one’s space in the physical world is perceived, he will certainly feet that his personal space is shrinking.

III. Answer the following questions.

1．Because he wants to show the importance of personal space in maintaining public order. If one’s personal space is invaded, he may, in preserving his own space, break into others’ personal space. This chain of reactions can cause chaos in public order.

2．In Paragraph 2, the author defines personal space as one’s individual sphere with the self at the center and certain distance on each side. It is part of one’s privacy, the invasion of which necessarily makes one uneasy.

3．“This tendency” refers to the phenomenon exemplified in the previous paragraph, that is, the escalation of the invasion of personal space. The writer used to think this was caused by the “population explosion” via the Malthusian logic. Now he starts to suspect that the season is the cause: in summer days some people, mostly men, are attracted to women. In addition, he believes, in seriousness or jest, the stimulating effect of caffeine contributes to the escalation of the invasion of personal space too.

4．In Paragraph 5, the writer mainly describes one important characteristic of personal space : personal space is a relative concept; people in different regions have different concepts of personal space. The size of personal space varies according to where one lives. Where one has a spread, he will have a more spacious concept of personal space than those who have a small living space.

5．Because people are more self-absorbed than ever before. In other words they are paying less attention to the outside world, including personal space, than before. The fact that people care less about their personal space in effect encourages space invasion.

IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences taken from the text.

1．The phrase “personal space” has an odd touch that was characteristic of the 1970s.

2．In hot summer days people can be drawn to each other, especially to the opposite sex （or feel disgusted with the closeness of others.）

3．People in different regions are given different sizes of personal space.

4．It is quite common that one person occupies a booth and a set of facing seats designed for four people.

5．Because the initial invasion of personal space can cause a chain of reactions, which may bring about a catastrophic consequence, as the breeze from a butterfly’s wings in Japan, if it initiates a chain of waves, may eventually produce a tidal wave in California, I have decided to enlarge the shrinking personal space.

Structural analysis of the text

The author looks at the causes of space invasion in Paragraph 4. He attributes this phenomenon to population explosion first, then to the hot weather and the stimulation of caffeine.

He examines the nature of space invasion in Paragraphs 5-8. He thinks that space invasion is a public matter. It is more psychological than physical.

Rhetorical features of the text

Listed below are the verbs used by the author to give a vivid and accurate description of the behavior of the space invaders and those whose personal space is being invaded.

1） Verbs used to describe the behavior of space invaders:

a man … started inching toward me … （Paragraph 1）

In elevators, people are wedging themselves in just before the doors close … （Paragraph 3）

on the street, pedestrians are zigzagging through the human traffic, jostling others, refusing to give way （Paragraph 3）

in lines at airports, people are pressing forward like fidgety taxis at red lights （Paragraph 3） when they bump into you （Paragraph 6）

In movie theatres these days, people are staking a claim to both armrests, annexing all the elbow room … （Paragraph 7）

while at coffee shops and on the Long Island Railroad, individuals routinely commandeer booths and sets of facing seats meant for foursomes （Paragraph 7）

2） Verbs used to describe the reaction of those whose space is being invaded:

I minutely advanced toward the woman … in front of me … （Paragraph 1）

who, in mild annoyance, began to sidle up to the man scribbling a check in front of her （Paragraph 1）

who absent-mindedly shuffled toward the white-haired lady ahead of him （Paragraph 1）

Vocabulary

I. Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words.

1．loose

2．tone

3．the already anxious local people

4．unfriendliness

5．the people who belong to a group

II. Fill in the blank（s） in each sentence with a phrase taken from the box in its appropriate form.

1．sidled up

2．carve out

3．attribute … to

4．stake a claim

5．to tread on

6．plowed into

7．is … proportional to

8．breathing down their necks

III. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words.

1．annoying

2．intuition

3．relented

4．proliferates

5．lamentably

6．expensive

7．routine

8．shrinkage

IV. Choose the word or phrase that can replace the underlined part in each sentence without changing its original meaning.

1．D

2．A

3．B

4．D

5．C

6．B

7．D

8．B

V. Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used.

1．carelessly

2．expended

3．private

4．deny / refuse

5．energetic

6．recently

7．peculiar

8．easy

VI. Explain the meaning of the underlined part in each sentence.

1．promotion

2．endure

3．willingly

4．canceled

5．the most important thing

6．warmer than usual

Grammar

I. Fill in the blank in each sentence with the choice you think the most appropriate.

1．C

2．B

3．A

4．A

5．D

6．B

7．D

8．B

II. Correct the mistakes, where found, in the following sentences.

Omitted.

III. Rewrite the following sentences, using can, could, may or might.

1．…He can fall ill at any time.

2．…He may be ill.

3．Even experts can make mistakes.

4．John could swim when he was five.

5．Visitors could take photos of the castle.

6．Could/Can/Might/May I use your phone?

7．…He can be in the library or in the lab.

8．John may have read the book on WWII.

9．I looked everywhere but I couldn’t find my dictionary.

10．… he may give her a ride.

IV. Complete the sentences with so, do / does / did, one or not.

l. so

2．not / so

3．does

4．so

5．one

6．so

7．do

8．did

V. Combine the two sentences into one, using so or such.

1．It is such a surprise that I can’t get over it.

2．It was such horrible weather that we spent the whole day indoors.

3．Poor Susan had such a bad headache that she couldn’t get to sleep.

4．Jack was so out of breath that he couldn’t speak at first.

5．The music was so loud that you could hear it from miles away.

6．The shirts became so stiff that he couldn’t put them on.

7．She made such a good meal that we all ate far too much.

8．There was so much to do that nobody ever got bored.

VI. Make sentences of your own after the sentences given below, keeping the underlined structures in your sentences.

1．He thought I was lying, whereas I was telling the truth.

My children want to live in town, whereas I myself would rather live in the country.

2．In the same way that every baby’s face is different from every other’s, every baby’s pattern of development is different from every other’s.

In the same way that the heart is the most important organ for sustaining life, engine plays an irreplaceable role in a car.

Translation

I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1．在我看来，礼貌就是给别人以空间，不冒犯别人，允许别人有隐私。

2．个人空间基本上是一个公众场合的问题；私下里，我们是允许对个人空间进行各种各样的侵犯的。

3．就像我们国家拥有12海里领海权一样，个人空间就是我们的边界，只要有陌生人穿过这个边界，就会是我们感到不安。

4．说到底，个人空间是个心理上的问题，而不是个物理上的问题：与其说它与我们的外部空间相关，还不如说它与我们的内心空间有关。

II. Translate the following sentences into English, using the words and phrases given in brackets.

1．The pigeon was wedged in the fork of a branch but fell off after a while.

2．The payment that the motorist will have to make will be proportional to the amount of damage he has done to the other person’s car.

3．You can only enter the cave by inching through a narrow tunnel on your stomach.

4．She stammered some apology as she sidled towards the door.

5．He took pains to explain to me that I was being dismissed not because I didn’t do my work well but because the company could not pay my wages.

6．The enlistment of young soldiers infused new hope and morale into the army.

7．Once the older boys stake a claim to the lawn, no other boys dare go on it.

8．The man following her made her uneasy and she couldn’t help quickening her steps.

III. Translate the following passage into Chinese.

在某些文化中，空间感觉的一个重要方面体现于人们所需要的彼此感觉舒适却又不觉得拥挤的“私人空间”。例如，北美人彼此感觉舒适所需的空间距离大约是4英尺。而阿拉伯人和拉美人反而是彼此靠近才会感觉舒服。因此，不同文化的人可能会无意间侵犯别人的空间感。正如不同的时间观可能会造成文化冲突，不同的空间观也可能引发同样的问题。

Exercises for integrated skills

I. Dictation.

Body language is the unspoken communication/ that goes on in every face-to-face encounter with another human being./ It tells you their true feelings towards you/ and how well your words are being received./ Between 60-80% of our message/ is communicated through our body language,/ only 7-10% is attributable to the actual words of a conversation. /

Your ability to read and understand another person’s body language/ can mean the difference/between making a great impression/or a very bad one! / It could help you in a job interview,/ at a meeting,/or for a special date! /

Every one of us/has experienced the feeling of an instant like/ or dislike of someone/but without necessarily knowing why. / We just weren’t happy / there was something about them./We often refer to this as a hunch or gut feelings,/ two descriptions directly relating to our own body’s physiological reaction.

II. Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE appropriate word.

1．in

2．as

3．for

4．judgments

5．as

6．head

7．to

8．with

Text II

Questions for discussion

1．No. The distance we keep from other people depends on our interpersonal relationship. We tend to keep longer distance from strangers and shorter distances from close friends and family members. （In answering this question, you can be more specific through exemplification.）

2．Tell your classmates whether you prefer to sit in the front, in the middle, or at the back of a meeting room. There can be different reasons for different people to make the same choice. For example, if you prefer to sit in the front, you might want to hear the speakers more clearly, or to catch the attention of the chairman or the speakers.

3．In most cases we will turn off the TV before the conversation starts. Any delay will mean that the visitor comes at a wrong time and therefore he or she is not welcome, at least at this moment.